In 1976, Peter Nowell proposed a mo

In 1976, Peter Nowell proposed a model of cancer as an evolutionary process in which a population of cells descended from a single cell of origin, or ‘clone’, acquires successive somatic mutations that allow sequential selection of fitter subclones—an evolution that underlies tumor progression, metastasis and resistance to therapy1 (Fig. 1). Nearly 36 years later, this model has been analyzed at the single-
nucleotide level in studies published in Cell2,3 and in the New England Journal of Medicine4. Hou et al.2 and Xu et al.3 carried out exome sequencing on single cells from an essential thrombocythemia tumor and a kidney tumor, respectively, whereas Gerlinger et al.4 analyzed exome-sequencing data, in combination with chromosome-aberration and ploidy data, from multiple samples of renal carcinomas and associated metastases4. The three studies have confirmed the clonal heterogeneity of primary tumors and metastases at the sequence level.

結果 (英文) 1:

于1976年，彼得·诺埃尔提出了一个模型的癌症细胞的人口下降从一个单细胞的起源，或“克隆”一个渐进的过程，在这过程中，获得连续的体细胞突变，使钳工亚克隆的顺序选择进化的基础肿瘤进展，转移及耐到therapy1（图1）。近36年后，这种模式已经在在单元格2，第3和的medicine4在新英格兰医学杂志“发表的研究报告中分析了在单
核苷酸水平上。侯等人2，徐等人3进行基因组测序，单细胞从原发性血小板增多症肿瘤，肾脏肿瘤，分别，而gerlinger等al.4外显子组测序数据进行了分析，在染色体畸变和倍的数据，从多个样品肾癌和相关metastases4的结合。在序列水平的三个研究都证实了克隆异质性的原发肿瘤和转移。

結果 (英文) 2:

1976彼得，诺埃尔提出了一个模型，癌症的进化过程中，人口的细胞是从一个单一的起源细胞，或“克隆”，获得连续的体细胞突变，允许顺序选择适合subclones-an进化背后的肿瘤进展，转移和抗therapy1（图1）。近36年后，该模型分析了在单
核苷酸水平的研究发表在cell2,3和在新英国medicine4杂志。侯等人。2和徐等人。3进行了外显子组测序单个细胞从原发性血小板增多症肿瘤和肾肿瘤，分别，而gerlinger等人。4 exome-sequencing数据分析，结合染色体畸变和倍性的数据，从多个样品的肾肿瘤和相关的metastases4。三个研究证实了克隆异质性的原发肿瘤和转移的顺序。

結果 (英文) 3:

In 1976, Peter Nowell proposed a model of cancer as an evolutionary process in which a population of cells descended from a single cell of origin, or 'clone', acquires successive somatic mutations that allow sequential selection of fitter subclones—an evolution that underlies tumor progression, metastasis and resistance to therapy1 (Fig. 1). Nearly 36 years later, this model has been analyzed at the single-
nucleotide level in studies published in Cell2,3 and in the New England Journal of Medicine4. Hou et al.2 and Xu et al.3 carried out exome sequencing on single cells from an essential thrombocythemia tumor and a kidney tumor, respectively, whereas Gerlinger et al.4 analyzed exome-sequencing data, in combination with chromosome-aberration and ploidy data, from multiple samples of renal carcinomas and associated metastases4. The three studies have confirmed the clonal heterogeneity of primary tumors and metastases at the sequence level. in combination with chromosome-aberration and ploidy data, from multiple samples of renal carcinomas and associated metastases4. The three studies have confirmed the clonal heterogeneity of primary tumors and metastases at the sequence level.